水稻灌浆期臭氧暴露对产量形成的影响

利用田间原位开顶式气室(Open-topchamber,OTC)研究了长江三角洲地区水稻灌浆期臭氧(O3)暴露对其产量形成的影响,从而确定灌浆期臭氧胁迫对水稻产量的影响.实验设计4种臭氧水平,即过滤空气(CF,O3浓度10nL·L-1);自然大气(NF,O3浓度40nL·L-1);臭氧动态1(O1,O3梯度为50、100、150nL·L-1,平均浓度70nL·L-1);臭氧动态2(O2,O3梯度为75、150、300nL·L-1,平均浓度170nL·L-1).结果表明,随着臭氧浓度的升高,水稻的株高、穗长、分支、穗粒数及水稻生物量和产量等指标均有下降的趋势,但4种处理间均无显著性差异(p>0.05).在试验浓度下,水稻灌浆期短期高浓度O3暴露对其产量没有显著影响,不会造成明显的产量损失,但与全生育期相比,水稻产量对灌浆期的高臭氧浓度更为敏感.     

A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Ultraviolet B Radiation and Its Synergistic Interactions with pH, Contaminants, and Disease on Amphibian Survival

Abstract:  Human alterations to natural systems have resulted in a loss of biological diversity around the world. Amphibian population losses have been more severe than those of birds and mammals. Amphibian population declines are likely due to many factors including habitat loss, disease, contaminants, introduced species and ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation. The effect of UVB, however, varies widely among species and can vary within populations of the same species or at different life-history stages. This variation has often led to opposing conclusions about how UVB affects amphibians. We used meta-analysis techniques to explore the overall effects of UVB radiation on survival in amphibians. We also used recently developed factorial meta-analytic techniques to quantify potential interactions between UVB radiation and other stressors on amphibians. Ultraviolet-B radiation reduced survival of amphibians by 1.9-fold compared with shielded controls. Larvae were more susceptible to damage from UVB radiation compared with embryos, and salamanders were more susceptible compared with frogs and toads. Furthermore, UVB radiation interacted synergistically with other environmental stressors and resulted in greater than additive effects on survival when 2 stressors were present. Our results suggest that UVB radiation is an important stressor in amphibians, particularly in light of potential synergisms between UVB and other stressors in amphibian habitats.     

微塑料对变形杆菌生物膜生长发育的影响

微塑料对生物膜的影响现阶段主要集中于对成熟生物膜群落组成结构变化的研究,缺乏对不同发育阶段生物膜的研究.为探究微塑料对不同发育阶段生物膜的影响,选用环境中广泛存在的变形杆菌和1 μm聚苯乙烯微塑料(PS-MPs)作为研究对象,通过暴露实验研究PS-MPs对生物膜生物量、胞外聚合物(EPS)组成和胞外酶活性的影响.结果表...     

Electrochemical oxidation of polyethylene glycol in electroplating solution using paraffin composite copper hexacyanoferrate modified (PCCHM) anode

Electrochemical oxidation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in an acidic(pH 0.18 to 0.42) and high ionic strength electroplating solution was investigated. The electroplating solution is a major source of wastewater in the printing wiring board industry. A paraffin composite copper hexacyanoferrate modified(PCCHM) electrode was used as the anode and a bare graphite electrode was used as the cathode. The changes in PEG and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations during the course of the reaction were monitored. The efficiency of the PCCHM anode was compared with bare graphite anode and it was found that the former showed significant electrocatalytic property for PEG and TOC removal. Chlorides present in the solution were found to contribute significantly in the overall organic removal process. Short chain organic compounds like acetic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid and ethylene glycol formed during electrolysis were identified by HPLC method. Anode surface area and applied current density were found to influence the electro-oxidation process, in which the former was found to be dominating. Investigations of the kinetics for the present electrochemical reaction suggested that the two stage first-order kinetic model provides a much better representation of the overall mechanism of the process if compared to the generalized kinetic model.     

溴氰菊酯对稀有鮈鲫早期生命阶段发育和内分泌干扰毒性

采用半静态水体暴露方式研究了水中溴氰菊酯对稀有鮈鲫早期生命阶段的发育毒性与内分泌干扰效应.结果表明,影响稀有鮈鲫胚胎孵化的LOEC (最低可观察效应浓度)>3.0μg/L;影响稀有鮈鲫仔鱼发育畸形和死亡指标的LOEC和NOEC (无可观察效应浓度)分别为1.0和0.33μg/L.低至0.04μg/L的溴氰菊酯暴露便可显著下调稀有鮈鲫幼鱼体内雄激素受体基因(AR)表达量并上调甲状腺激素受体基因(TRβ)表达量;0.11μg/L的溴氰菊酯暴露可以下调稀有鮈鲫幼鱼体内雄激素受体基因(AR)、雌激素受体基因(ER1、ER2b)和芳香烃受体基因(AhR1a)的表达量,并上调甲状腺激素受体基因(TRβ)表达量;0.33μg/L的溴氰菊酯可以下调稀有鮈鲫幼鱼体内雄激素受体基因(AR)、雌激素受体基因(ER1、ER2b)、芳香烃受体基因(AhR1a、AhR1b、AhR2)的表达量,并诱导甲状腺激素受体基因(TRβ)表达量的上调.上述作用浓度水平已经处于多个天然水体中溴氰菊酯的检出浓度范围,因此,关于水体残留溴氰菊酯对鱼类的内分泌干扰效应必须予以重视.     

长江经济带水资源利用的动态效率及绝对β收敛研究——基于三阶段DEA-Malmquist指数法

利用三阶段DEA-Malmquist指数法,对2009~2014年长江经济带11省市水资源全要素生产率及其分解指数进行了测算和分析。研究结果表明:在剔除了外部环境因素和随机误差因素以后,长江经济带水资源的全要素生产率及其分解效率发生了显著变化,水资源全要素生产率年均增长7.2%,技术进步指数年均增长4.7%,技术效率指数年均增长2.4%,技术进步是推动长江经济带水资源全要素生产率增长的主要源泉。分区域来看,西部地区水资源全要素生产率和技术效率年均增长率最高,东部地区技术进步年均增长率最高。长江经济带水资源全要素生产率存在显著绝对β收敛,表明长江经济带内省际水资源全要素生产率差距正在缩小,最终都朝相同的稳态水平趋近。     

高海拔柴油机两级增压控制研究现状与发展趋势

总结了我国高原气候环境特点,分析了传统废气涡轮增压器存在的弊端与高海拔柴油机两级增压控制研究需求。综述了国内外平原与高原条件下柴油机增压系统及多系统协同控制研究现状,并讨论了其下一步控制系统发展方向。最后,针对柴油机高海拔、全工况的运行特点,指出二级可调增压系统先进控制算法与多系统、多参数协同控制研究为下一步重要发展方向。     

从环境规划视角分析中国治污减排与经济发展关系研究

针对从环境规划视角分析中国治污减排与经济发展关系问题,本文从中国“九五”计划之前,探讨了改革开放以来30多年来的治污减排工作,重点探讨了近二十年的五年计划,从五年环境规划的视角分析了中国治污减排从工业“三废”治理、企业达标排放、污染物总量控制到环境质量改善和风险防范的历程,并从治污减排与经济发展演进关系的角度,对各时期治污减排的工作重点,尤其是五年环境保护规划的关注点进行介绍与评述。     

中国安全生产阶段划分及安全生产法制化问题探讨

探讨中国安全生产阶段划分以及安全生产法制化的问题,针对"五阶段论"和"事故高峰论"两种观点的质疑,重新考虑我国安全生产阶段划分的依据,提出将安全生产的发展阶段划分为计划经济阶段和市场经济阶段的"两阶段论"观点,还从历史唯物的角度对安全生产阶段划分的其他值得探讨的问题进行分析,为进一步研究该类问题提供了新的思路。通过对我国安全生产的法律体系因素的分析,笔者认为:实现安全生产法制化是解决目前我国事故多发问题的基本途径,并提倡完善以法制为基础的与国际接轨的安全生产管理新体制。     

Latitudinal Gradients of Trophics in Ural Macrolepidoptera: The Role of Food Quality

The Macrolepidoptera fauna of the Urals, from the southern to the northern boundary of the forest zone (i.e., from the forest–steppe of the Southern Urals to the forest–tundra of the Polar Urals) has been analyzed. It has been demonstrated that the proportion of Lepidoptera feeding on woody plants, including evergreens, increases in this direction. Among the Heterocera, the proportion of species feeding on graminoids decreases; in the Polar Urals, none of these species is specialized. The food spectrum is particularly variable in noctuids and almost invariable in geometrids and Rhopalocera. It is assumed that foods with a low nutrient value (grasses, mosses, lichens, plant debris, wood, and roots of various plants) prevent Macrolepidoptera species from spreading in the Subarctic region. In the Polar Urals, multiyear developmental cycles and wintering at the larval stage are related to feeding on these types of food.